Roth Solo 401(k)
The Roth Solo 401(k) combines some of the best features of a Roth IRA and a 401(k) plan. The result is a great opportunity to build significant tax-free wealth. Like a Roth IRA, the Roth 401(k) is initially funded with post-tax dollars, but all earnings and future distributions are tax-free. Because it is a Solo 401(k) plan, it comes with the ability to make high contributions to the plan, without the income limits that apply to a Roth IRA.
A Roth Solo 401(k) is not actually a distinct type of retirement plan, but rather just a standard Solo 401(k) plan for which the Roth feature has been enabled. One can have both tax-deferred savings and Roth savings in the same Solo 401(k) plan. Each type of savings is held in a separate account under the umbrella of the plan.
Pay Taxes Now. No Taxes Later
The key benefit of a Roth retirement account such as a Roth IRA or Roth Solo 401(k) is the ability to create tax-free income. Unlike a traditional IRA or 401(k) where contributions are tax-deferred, contributions to a Roth account are taxed in the year they are earned. However, while future distributions from a tax-deferred account are taxed, the distributions you take from your Roth Solo 401(k) in retirement will not be taxed. All the earnings you create by investing your Roth 401(k) are tax free. This can be a huge benefit for investments that produce high return, or for younger investors with a long time to compound the growth of their savings.
High Contribution Limits
Safeguard’s Solo 401(k) plan allows for employee deferrals to be made as either tax-deferred, Roth, or a combination of the two. Only the employee contributions can be made on a Roth basis. Employer profit-sharing contributions must be made on a tax-deferred basis. For those under age 50, that means up to $20,500 can be contributed to the Roth account. For those age 50 or older, the catch-up provision allows for an additional $6,500 and a maximum of $27,000.
No Income Limits
Those with high earnings have generally not been able to take advantage of the Roth IRA, as contributions are prohibited above IRS defined income limits. A Solo 401(k) is not bound by these income limits.
In-Plan Roth Conversions
Not only does the Roth Solo 401(k) plan provide an option to create significant new Roth savings, it also allows for existing tax-deferred funds to be converted to Roth status within the plan. If you have rolled over capital from a prior IRA or employer 401(k) plan, or made contributions to your Solo 401(k) on a tax-deferred basis in the past, you can convert those funds to Roth tax treatment. The amount converted becomes taxable income in the year of the conversion. All future growth, however, will have the tax-free status of the Roth account after a 5-year seasoning period.
No Roth IRA Rollovers
While the Solo 401(k) offers some fantastic Roth features, it cannot, however, accept a rollover from an existing Roth IRA. Only new contributions, a rollover from a prior Roth 401(k) account, or in-plan conversions are allowed.
Other Considerations
Unlike a Roth IRA, contributions made to a Roth Solo 401(k) cannot be re-characterized back to tax-deferred status if you change your mind.
A Roth 401(k) is still subject to Minimum Required Distributions starting at age 72. An easy solution is to rollover the Roth funds to a separate Roth IRA, where such distributions will not be required.
The decision to pursue a Roth savings strategy is complex and specific to each investor’s individual situation. Age, income, current vs. predicted future tax rates, and investment goals are just a few of the key factors that can determine whether there is a benefit. You should always seek the guidance of a licensed CPA or tax advisor when evaluating whether the Roth approach is right for you.
This page has been updated to reflect law changes implemented with the SECURE Act of 2019.
All contribution limits reflect 2022 tax year values. Last updated 4/21/22.
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Quick answers to common questions
We’ll take you through a simple, step by step process designed to put your investment future into your own hands…immediately. Everything is handled on a turn-key basis. You take 100% control of your Retirement funds legally and without a taxable distribution.
YES! In 1974, Congress passed the Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA) making IRA, 401(k) and other retirement plans possible. Only two types of investments are excluded under ERISA and IRS Codes: Life Insurance Contracts and Collectibles (art, jewelry, etc.). Everything else is fair game. IRS CodeSec. 401 IRC 408(a) (3)
It’s actually pretty simple. Early on, regulators let the securities industry take the lead in educating the public about retirement accounts. Naturally, brokers and banks promoted stocks, bonds, and mutual funds—giving the impression that those were the only allowed investments. That was never true... and still isn’t. You can probably guess why they kept the rest under wraps.
It is possible to use funds from most types of retirement accounts:
- Traditional IRA
- Roth IRA
- SEP IRA
- SIMPLE IRA
- Keogh
- 401(k)
- 403(b)
- Profit Sharing Plans
- Qualified Annuities
- Money Purchase Plans
- and many more.
It must be noted that most employer sponsored plans such as a 401(k) will not allow you to roll youraccount into a new Self-Directed IRA plan while you are still employed. However, some employers will allow you to roll a portion of your funds. The only way to be completely sure whether your funds are eligible for a rollover is by contacting your current 401(k) provider.
A Solo 401(k) requires a sponsoring employer in the format of an owner-only business. If you have a for-profit business activity – whether as your main income or as a side venture – and have no full-time employees other than potentially your spouse, your business may qualify. The business may be a sole-proprietorship, LLC, corporation or other entity type.
A self-directed retirement plan is a type of IRA or 401(k) that gives you greater control over how your retirement funds are invested. Unlike traditional accounts held at banks or brokerage firms that limit you to stocks, bonds, and mutual funds, self-directed plans allow you to invest in a wide range of alternative assets including real estate, private businesses, precious metals, cryptocurrency, and more.
These plans still follow the same IRS rules and maintain the same tax-deferred or tax-free benefits as conventional retirement accounts. The difference is simply in how and where you choose to invest.
No. Moving to a self-directed IRA or Solo 401(k) does not trigger any taxes, as long as your funds are eligible for rollover.
Self-directed retirement plans maintain the same tax-advantaged status as traditional plans offered by banks or brokerage firms. The key difference is flexibility—our plans are designed to give you greater control and allow for a wider range of alternative investments beyond stocks, bonds, and mutual funds.
A prohibited transaction is any action between your retirement plan and a disqualified person that violates IRS rules and can lead to serious tax consequences. Under IRS Code 4975(c)(1), prohibited transactions include:
- Selling or leasing property between your plan and a disqualified person Example: Your IRA cannot purchase a property you already own.
- Lending money or extending credit between the plan and a disqualified person Example: You cannot personally guarantee a loan your IRA uses to buy real estate.
- Providing goods or services between your plan and a disqualified person Example: You can’t use your personal furniture to furnish a rental property owned by your IRA.
- Using plan income or assets for the benefit of a disqualified person Example: Your IRA cannot buy a vacation home that you or your family use.
- Self-dealing by a fiduciary (using plan assets for their own benefit) Example: Your CPA shouldn't loan your IRA money if they’re advising the plan.
- Receiving personal benefit from a deal involving your IRA's assets Example: You can’t pay yourself from profits your IRA earns on a rental.
If a transaction doesn’t clearly fall within the allowed guidelines, the IRS or Department of Labor may review the situation to determine if it qualifies as a prohibited transaction.
Disqualified persons are individuals or entities that are prohibited from engaging in certain transactions with your IRA or 401(k). Doing so could trigger a prohibited transaction, which may result in taxes and penalties.
Here’s who is considered a disqualified person:
- You (the account holder)
- Your spouse
- Your parents, grandparents, and other ancestors
- Your children, grandchildren, and their spouses
- Any advisor or fiduciary to the plan
- Any business or entity owned 50% or more by you or another disqualified person, or where you have decision-making authority
These rules exist to prevent self-dealing and ensure your retirement plan remains in compliance with IRS regulations.
(Reference: IRC 4975)
Understanding and following these rules can be tricky, but it’s very doable. The best way to stay compliant is to work with professionals who specialize in self-directed retirement plans. They can help you navigate IRS guidelines and avoid prohibited transactions.
If an IRA holder is found to have engaged in a prohibited transaction with IRA funds, it will result in a distribution of the IRA. The taxes and penalties are severe and are applicable to all of the IRA’s assets on the first day of the year in which the prohibited transaction occurred.
Yes. While self-directed retirement plans allow for a wide range of investments, there are a few important restrictions.
You cannot invest in collectibles or life insurance contracts, and you must avoid prohibited transactions—activities that benefit you personally rather than the retirement plan. These include things like buying or selling property to yourself or family members, using plan assets for personal gain, or self-dealing in any way.
Violating these rules could cause your entire IRA to lose its tax-advantaged status. To protect your account, it’s essential to work with professionals who understand IRS regulations and can help you stay compliant.
This is a common misconception. In many cases, professionals may simply be unfamiliar with self-directed retirement plans, as they fall outside their usual scope of work. CPAs and tax preparers are trained to file taxes, not necessarily to advise on alternative retirement strategies. Financial advisors and brokers often work for firms that focus on traditional investments like stocks and mutual funds—and may not benefit from or support alternative options like real estate or private lending.
Self-directed retirement investing is legal under IRS rules—but like any specialized area, it requires working with professionals who understand how it works.
The IRS has rules in place to make sure your IRA is used only for the exclusive benefit of the retirement account—not for personal gain or to help family members. These rules can get complicated because there are many ways a conflict of interest can occur, even unintentionally.
For example, if your IRA buys a house and rents it to your mother, you might be reluctant to evict her if she stops paying rent. That emotional connection creates a conflict between what’s best for your IRA and your personal relationships, something the IRS aims to prevent.
These rules help ensure your retirement account stays compliant and protected. (See IRC 408)
Yes. Most tax-deferred retirement accounts—such as Traditional IRAs, old 401(k)s, 403(b)s, and TSPs—can be rolled over into a self-directed IRA or Solo 401(k), depending on your eligibility. Roth IRAs cannot be rolled into these accounts.
You can contribute directly from earned income, subject to annual IRS contribution limits. The method and amount depend on the type of plan you have (e.g., Solo 401(k) vs. IRA).
To take a distribution, you'll request funds through your custodian or plan administrator. Distributions may be taxable depending on your account type and age. Early withdrawals may be subject to penalties.
For 2025, the Solo 401(k) max contribution limit is $81,250 if age 60-63, $77,500 if age 50-59 or 69+, and $70,000 if under 50. Traditional and Roth IRAs have a limit of $7,000 ($8,000 if age 50+). Limits are subject to IRS adjustments.
Yes. IRA contributions are typically due by your personal tax filing deadline (e.g., April 15). Solo 401(k) contributions follow your business tax filing deadline, including extensions.
IRS reporting requirements vary depending on the type of self-directed retirement plan you have. Here’s a quick breakdown of what you need to know
Please note: Our team can help you understand what’s required for your specific account, but we don’t provide tax or legal advice. We always recommend working with a qualified tax professional to ensure full IRS compliance.
Self-Directed IRA (Traditional or Roth)
- Form 5498 – Filed by your custodian each year to report contributions, rollovers, and the fair market value (FMV) of your account.
- Form 1099-R – Issued if you take a distribution or move funds out of your IRA.
- Annual Valuation – You'll need to provide updated FMV for any alternative assets held in the account, such as real estate or private placements.
Solo 401(k)
- Form 5500-EZ – Required if your plan assets exceed $250,000 as of year-end. Must be filed annually by the plan participant.
- Form 1099-R – Required if you take a distribution or roll funds out of the plan.
- Contribution Tracking – Keep records of employee and employer contributions. These are not filed with the IRS but may be needed for tax reporting or audits.
SEP IRA
- Form 5498 – Filed by your custodian to report contributions and FMV.
- Form 1099-R – Filed by your custodian. Issued for any distributions.
- Employer Contributions – Must be reported on your business tax return (and on employee W-2s, if applicable).
Health Savings Account (HSA)
- Form 5498-SA – Filed by your HSA custodian to report contributions.
- Form 1099-SA – Filed by your HAS custodian. Issued for any distributions.
- Form 8889 – Must be included with your personal tax return to report contributions, distributions, and how funds were used.
